Neurological Conditions
The Interplay of Neurotransmitters & Mental States
The body is the theater for emotional and cognitive states. Whether mood or mental issues express themselves through behavior or physical functioning-neurotransmitters are one group of characters at play.
Memory and cognitive processes are heavily dependent on acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter known to decline with age.
Attention, learning, and mental focus require adequate stimulation with excitatory neurotransmitters, particularly
dopamine, and balanced levels of norepinephrine.
Sense of tranquility is influenced by the calming effects of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Feelings of nervousness are influenced by glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter.
Perception is influenced by a healthy neuronal environment, particularly by the balance between GABA and
glutamate.
Mood, stressful feelings, and sense of well-being are influenced by the level of brain cortisol-a neurohormone that can become elevated during times of stress, which may impact serotonin.
Feeling happy, content, and relaxed is related to the level of serotonin, which is a common target for modulation
in conventional approaches.
Sleep and wake cycles are dependent on melatonin status-a hormone derived from serotonin and produced
in the pineal gland.
Addressing neurological health concerns
An estimated 1 in 4 Americans have mental health concerns. Neurotransmitter modulation is the primary goal
to address neurological health with many conventional products - which are not without adverse effects. In collaboration with a renowned neurologist, Metagenics has developed a natural, clinically successful family of neurological health products designed to nutritionally support brain function to influence neurotransmitter dynamics associated with specific cognitive and emotional states. Your guide to specialized neurological support In this clinical guide, you'll find product descriptions, recommendations, and a quick reference tool explaining how to support various aspects of neurological health:
- Neuroprotection
- Forgetfulness
- Distracted mind
- Nervousness
- Negative mood
- Occassional sleeplessness
Foundation Neuroprotection
Multidimensional Brain & Nervous System Support
Ceralin® Forte is formulated to provide well-rounded support for brain and nerve protection, addressing multiple pathways involved in neurological health. Designed to act within the brain and nervous system, this advanced formula features significant levels of grape seed extract, 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and acetyl-L-carnitine.
Suggested Nutritional Supplementation
- Ceralin Forte® - Three capsules daily.
Ceralin Forte is formulated to provide well-rounded support for brain and nerve protection, addressing multiple pathways involved in neurological health.
- Appropriate Wellness EssentialsTM formula - 1-2 packets daily
Key Vitamins & Minerals, Essential Fatty Acids, PLUS Patient Specific Nutrition.
Patient benefits:
- Supports healthy cognitive function, possibly by enhancing cellular energy dynamics
- Provides potent antioxidant protection for the central nervous system
- Supports a healthy life cycle of neurons and other cells
- May protect the blood-brain barrier and nerve cells from oxidative stress
Helps maintain overall neurological health by supporting healthy mitochondrial function, methylation, homocysteine
metabolism, and circulatory function
Recommended uses:
- Multidimensional neuroprotection support
- Cerebrovascular support
CAUTION: Do not use if pregnant for nursing. If patient is taking medication-including anticoagulants- use with caution.
Refrences:
1. Abdul HM, Calabrese V, Calvani M, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitineinduced up-regulation of heat shock proteins protects cortical neurons against amyloid-beta peptide 1-42-mediated oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2006;84(2):398-408.
2. Zanelli SA, Solenski MJ, Rosenthal RE, et al. Mechanisms of ischemic neuroprotection by acetyl-L-carnitine. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005;1053:153-61.
3. Inano A, Sai Y, Nikaido H, et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine permeability across the blood-brain barrier and involvement of carnitine transporter OCTN2. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2003;24(8):357-65.
4. Mackenzie GG, Zago MP, Erlejman AG, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid and N-acetyl cysteine prevent zinc deficiency-induced activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 transcription factors in human neuroblastoma IMR-32 cells. Free Radic Res 2006;40(1):75-84.
5. Monks TJ, Ghersi-Egea JF, Philbert M, et al. Symposium overview: the role of glutathione in neuroprotection and neurotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 1999;51:161-77.
6. Hwang IK, Yoo KY, Kim DS, et al. Neuroprotective effects of grape seed extract on neuronal injury by inhibiting DNA damage in the gerbil hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia. Life Sci 204;75:1989-2001.
7. Lin Y, Desbois A, Jiang S, et al. Group B vitamins protect murine cerebellar granule cells from glutamate/NMDA toxicity. Neuropharmacol Neurotoxicol 2004;15;2241-44.
8. Coppen A, Bolander-Gouaille C. Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12. J Psychopharmacology 2005;19(1):59-65.
9. Lamers Y, Prinz-Langenohl R, Moser R, et al. Supplementation with [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolate or folic acid equally reduces plasma total homocysteine concentrations in healthy women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:473-78.
10. Wu D, Pardridge WM. Blood-brain barrier transport of reduced folic acid. Pharm Res 1999;16(3):415-19.
Forgetfulness / Cognitive Function Decline
Acetylcholine Function
CerivaTM is formulated to support healthy cognitive function in those concerned about maintaining their memory by beneficially modulating the metabolism of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Designed to act centrally, within the brain, Ceriva features huperzine A, 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate, and alpha-tocotrienol (from Tocomin® SupraBioTM), which research suggests may be able to cross the blood-brain barrier.
Patient benefits:
- Supports the healthy metabolism of acetylcholine, the primary neurotransmitter associated with cognitive
function and the formation and consolidation of memoriesu
- Provides Tocomin® SupraBioTM and huperzine A for nerve cell protection against excitotoxic effects and other oxidative influencesu
- Supports a healthy life cycle of neurons and other cells
Suggested Nutritional Supplementation
- CerivaTM - 2 softgels daily.
Ceriva is formulated to support healthy cognitive function in those concerned about maintaining their
memory by beneficially modulating acetylcholine.
- Exhilarin® - 2-6 tablets daily
Exhilarin is a proprietary blend of Ayurvedic herbs that are traditionally used to relieve stress, and to help maintain mental acuity and support overall well-being.
- Ceralin® Forte - 3 capsules daily
Ceralin Forte is formulated to provide well-rounded support for brain and nerve protection, addressing multiple pathways involved in neurological health.
- Wellness EssentialsTM Blood Sugar Support - 1 packet twice daily with food.
Wellness Essentials Blood Sugar Support is a combination of three premium supplements in convenient packets to provide essential vitamins and minerals, omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and phytonutrients
to support healthy blood sugar levels already in the normal range and overall health when taken as part of
a healthy diet.
Recommended uses:
- Memory concerns associated with aging
- Cognitive function support
Refrences:
1. Zhang Z, Wang X, Chen Q, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of huperzine Alpha in treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease, a placebo- controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Zhonggua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2002;82(14):941-44. Chinese.
2. Wang R, Yan H, Tang XC. Progress in studies of huperzine A, a natural cholinesterase inhibitor from Chinese herbal medicine. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006;27(1):1-26.
3. Wang R, Tang XC. Neuroprotective effects of huperzine A. Neurosignals 2005;14:71-82.
4. Khanna S, Roy S, Slivka A, et al. Neuroprotective properties of the natural vitamin E alpha-tocotrienol. Stroke 2005;36(10):2258-64.
5. Osakada F, Hashino A, Kume T, et al. Alpha-tocotrienol provides the most neuroprotection among vitamin E analogs on cultured striatal neurons. Neuropharmacology 2004;47(6):904-15.
6. Levitt M, Nixon PF, Pincus JH, et al. Transport characteristics of folates in cerebrospinal fluid: a study utilizing doubly labeled 5- methyltetrahydrofolate and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate. J Clin Invest 1971;50(6):1301-08.
7. Wu D, Pardridge WM. Blood-brain barrier transport of reduced folic acid. Pharm Res 1999;16(3):415-19.
8. Lamers Y, Prinz-Langenohl R, Moser R, et al. Supplementation with [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolate or folic acid equally reduces plasma total homocysteine concentrations in healthy women. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:473-78.
9. Quadri P, Fragiacomo C, Pezzati R, et al. Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B-12 in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:114-22.
10. Kruman II, Mouton PR, Emokpae R, et al. Folate deficiency inhibits proliferation of adult hippocampal progenitors. Neuropharmacol Neurotoxicol 2005;16(10) :1055-59.
Distracted Mind / Attention Deficit Behavior
Dopamine Function
LuminaTM is designed to support healthy mental function and relaxation-issues related to proper focus, attention, learning, and memory-through modulating the metabolism of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA), and norepinephrine. Formulated to act centrally, within the brain, this advanced formula features docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and LactiumPureTM-which research suggests are able to cross the blood-brain barrier-along with theanine for targeted neurological support.
Patient benefits:
- Dopamine, GABA, and norepinephrine metabolism are implicated in executive brain functions such as
focus, attention, motivation, learning, and memoryu
- Features LactiumPureTM, a patented, bioactive decapeptide that has been shown to support relaxation and a healthy stress response, possibly by influencing GABA
- Provides theanine and DHA, which preliminary research suggests may positively influence the metabolism
of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, GABA, and norepinephrine
Suggested Nutritional Supplementation
- LuminaTM - 2 softgels daily
Lumina is designed to support healthy mental function and relaxation-issues related to proper focus, attention, learning, and memory-through modulating the metabolism of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and norepinephrine.
- Ceralin® Forte - 3 capsules daily
Ceralin Forte is formulated to provide well-rounded support for brain and nerve protection, addressing multiple pathways involved in neurological health.
- EPA-DHA 720 - 2-6 softgels daily
EPA-DHA 720 provides 720 mg of omega-3 essential fatty acids from cold water fish per softgel- eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-to help deliver greater support in fewer softgels.
Recommended uses:
- Distracted mind
- Mental focus support
- Relaxation support
CAUTION: Do not use if pregnant or nursing. Avoid use if patient is taking benzodiazepine, anticoagulants, or is consuming alcohol. Do not use before surgery.
Refrences:
1. Messaoudi M, Lefranc-Millot C, Desor D, et al. Effects of a tryptic hydrolysate from bovine milk alphaS1-casein on hemodynamic responses in healthy human volunteers facing successive mental and physical stress situations. Eur J Nutr 2005;44(2):128-32.
2. Guesdon B, Messaoudi M, Lefranc-Millot C, et al. A tryptic hydrolysate from bovine milk alphaS1-casein improves sleep in rats subjected to chronic mild stress. Peptides 2006;27(6):1476-82.
3. Weiss M, Barthel T, Schnittker R, et al. Correlations between central nervous parameters and hormonal regulations during recovery from physical stress are influenced by L-theanine. Amino Acids (Vienna) 2001;21(1):62.
4. Kobayashi K, Nagato Y, Aoi N, et al. Effects of L-theanine on the release of alpha-brain waves in human volunteers. Nippon Noegikagaku Kaishi 1998;72(2):153-57.
5. Yokogoshi H, Kato Y, Sagesaka M, et al. Reduction effect of theanine on blood pressure and brain 5-hydroxyindoles in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biosci Biotech Biochem 1995;59(4):615-18.
6. De la Presa, Owens S, Innis SM. Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid prevent a decrease in dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmitters in frontal cortex caused by a linoleic and alphalinolenic acid deficient diet in formula-fed piglets. J Nutr 1999;129:2088-93.
7. Anderson GJ, Hohimer AR, Willeke GB. Uptake of docosahexaenoic acid by microvessels from developing rat brain. Life Sci 1993;53(13):1089-98.
8. Hashimoto M, Tanabe Y, Fujii Y, et al. Chronic administration of docosahexaenoic acid ameliorates the impairment of spatial cognition learning ability in amyloid beta-infused rats. J Nutr 2005;135:549-55.
9. Florent S, Malaplate-Armand C, Youssef I, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid prevents neuronal apoptosis induced by soluble amyloid-beta oligomers. J Neurochem 2006;96(2):385-95.
10. Lukiw WJ, Cui JG, Marcheselli VL, et al. A role for docosahexaenoic acid-derived neuroprotectin D1 in neural cell survival and Alzheimer disease. J Clin Invest 2005;115(10):2774- 83.
Nervousness / Anxiety
GABA & Glutamate Balance
TrancorTM is formulated to support a sense of tranquility in those who may feel worried or nervous by beneficially modulating the balance between the calming influence of GABA and the excitatory effects of glutamate. Designed
to act centrally, within the brain, this advanced formula features the amino acids NAC and taurine-which research suggests may be able to cross the bloodbrain barrier-along with concentrated green tea catechins, vitamin B6, and magnesium malate for targeted neurological support.
Patient benefits:
- Supports a sense of tranquility by modulating the balance between glutamate and GABA with NAC, green
tea catechins, and vitamin B6
- Helps protect nerve cells from the excitotoxic effects of excess glutamate and other pro-oxidant influences with taurine and EGCG
- Supports relaxation and a sense of calm with magnesium and vitamin B6
Suggested Nutritional Supplementation
- TrancorTM - Four capsules daily
Trancor is formulated to support a sense of tranquility in those who may feel worried or nervous by beneficially modulating the balance between the calming influence of GABA and the excitatory effects of glutamate.
- Serenagen® - 2-6 tablets daily
Serenagen is a classic, comprehensive herbal stress management formula targeting individuals who are
"stressed and wired".
Recommended uses:
- Nervousness
- Support for tranquility
CAUTION: Do not use if pregnant or nursing. Use with caution if patient has congestive heart failure or kidney disease, or is taking medication - including anticoagulants. Maintain adequate fluid intake while taking this product.
Refrences:
1. Farr SA, Poon HF, Dogrukol-Ak D, et al. The antioxidants alphalipoic acid and N-acetylcysteine reverse memory impairment and brain oxidative stress in aged SAMP8 mice. J Neurochem 2003;84(5):1173-83.
2. Neuwelt EA, Pagel MA, Hasler BP, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of aortic administration of N-acetylcysteine as a chemoprotectant against bone marrow toxicity after intracarotid administration of alkylators, with or without glutathione depletion in a rat model. Cancer Res 2001;61:7868-74.
3. Adachi N, Tomonaga S, Tachibana T, et al. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates acute stress responses through GABAergic system in the brain. Eur J Pharmacol 2005;531:171-75.
4. Vignes M, Maurice T, Lante F, et al. Anxiolytic properties of green tea polyphenol (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Brain Res 2006 Jul 19; [Epub].
5. Paula-Lima AC, De Felice FG, Brito-Moreira J, et al. Activation of GABA(A) receptors by taurine and muscimol blocks the neurotoxicity of beta- amyloid in rat hippocampal and cortical neurons. Neuropharmacol 2005;49:1140-48.
6. Stummer W, Betz AL, Shakui P, et al. Blood-brain barrier taurine transport during osmotic stress and in focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1995;15(5):852-59.
7. Oja SS, Saransaari P. Taurine as osmoregulator and neuromodulator in the brain. Metab Brain Dis 1996;11(2):153-64.
8. Poleszak E, Szewczyk B, Kedzierska E, et al. Antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activity of magnesium in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2004;78(1):7-12.
9. De Souza MC, Walker AF, Robinson PA, et al. A synergistic effect of a daily supplement for 1 month of 200 mg magnesium plus 50 mg vitamin B6 for the relief of anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 2000;9(2):131-39.
10. McCarty MF. High-dose pyridoxine as an ‘anti-stress' strategy. Med Hypotheses 2000;54(5):803-07.
Occasional Sleeplessness / Sleep Disorders
Melatonin Function
BenesomTM is formulated to promote a restful, relaxed state and relieve occasional sleeplessness by beneficially modulating the metabolism of melatonin and GABA. Designed to act centrally, within the brain, Benesom features supplemental melatonin-which research suggests is able to cross the blood-brain barrier. LactiumPureTM-a patented, bioactive decapeptide with relaxing properties-and passionflower are added to round out this formula
for targeted neurological support.
Patient benefits:
- Promotes restful, quality sleep for those with occasional sleeplessness
- Features melatonin, a hormone naturally produced in the brain that helps regulate sleep,waking, and the body's circadian rhythm (or time clock)
- Provides LactiumPureTM and passion flower, which may favorably modulate the metabolism of GABA
Suggested Nutritional Supplementation
- BenesomTM - One tablet one hour before bedtime. A typical consumption range for melatonin is 1 mg - 3
mg for supporting occasional sleeplessness.
Benesom is formulated to promote a restful, relaxed state and relieve occasional sleeplessness by beneficially modulating the metabolism of melatonin and GABA.
- Tran-Q® - 2-6 tablets daily
Tran-Q has been traditionally used to maintain a calm spirit, relax the body, and quiet the heart. According
to traditional Chinese herbology, a sustained intense emotional state causes a disharmony between liver
and heart energy resulting in nervousness and mild mood changes.
- LuminaTM - 2-4 softgels daily
Lumina is designed to support healthy mental function and relaxation-issues related to proper focus, attention, learning, and memory-through modulating the metabolism of neurotransmitters such as dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and norepinephrine.
Recommended uses:
- Occasional sleeplessness
CAUTION: Do not use if pregnant or nursing. For adult use only. Avoid use if patient has a history of seizures or depression, is taking benzodiazepine or sedating medication, or is consuming alcohol. Use with caution if taking antiocoagulants or other medications or if operating machinery. Not recommended for more than 2 consecutive months.
Refrences:
1. Zhdanova IV, Wurtman RJ, Regan MM, et al. Melatonin treatment for age-related insomnia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4727- 30.
2. Smits MG, van Stel HF, van der Heijden K, et al. Melatonin improves health status and sleep in children with idiopathic chronic sleep-onset insomnia: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003;42(11):1286-93.
3. van den Berg MP, Merkus P, Romeijin SG, et al. Uptake of melatonin into the cerebrospinal fluid after nasal and intravenous delivery: studies in rats and comparison with a human study. Pharm Res 2004;21(5):799-802.
4. Pardridge WM, Mietus LJ. Transport of albumin-bound melatonin through the blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem 1980;34(6):1761-63.
5. Hardeland R. Antioxidative protection by melatonin: multiplicity of mechanisms from radical detoxification to radical avoidance. Endocrine 2005;27(2):119-30.
6. Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Vazirian M, et al. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001;26:363-67.
7. Dhawan K, Kumar S, Sharma A. Anti-anxiety studies on extracts of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus. J Ethnopharmacol 2001;78:165- 70.
8. Messaoudi M, Lefranc-Millot C, Desor D, et al. Effects of a tryptic hydrolysate from bovine milk alphaS1-casein on hemodynamic responses in healthy human volunteers facing successive mental and physical stress situations. Eur J Nutr 2005;44(2):128-32.
9. Guesdon B, Messaoudi M, Lefranc-Millot C, et al. A tryptic hydrolysate from bovine milk alphaS1-casein improves sleep in rats subjected to chronic mild stress. Peptides 2006;27(6):1476-82.
10. Campbell EL, Chebib M, Johnston GA. The dietary flavonoids apigenin and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate enhance the positive modulation by diazepam of the activation by GABA of recombinant GABA(A) receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2004;68(8):1631-38.
Negative Mood / Depression
The Cortisol Connection
SymphoraTM is formulated to promote a positive mood and mental well-being by beneficially modulating cerebral metabolism of the neurohormone cortisol. Designed to act centrally, within the brain, Symphora features 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate-which research suggests is able to pass the blood-brain barrier-along with DHEA and vitamin
D for targeted neurological support. Patient benefits:
- Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone associated with mood, well-being, and stress response
- Features DHEA, which research suggests may support a positive mood by modulating the effects of brain
cortisol during periods of stress
- Provides vitamin D, a vitamin that has been associated with serotonin metabolism and a positive mood
- Supplies neuroactive vitamin B12 and folate-cofactors in the synthesis of neurotransmitters such as
serotonin
Serotonin Function
Somnolin® is designed to support a positive mood and an alert, relaxed state during the day, while promoting recuperative sleep at night through beneficially modulating the metabolism of serotonin. This formula features clinically effective levels of 5-HTP and theanine in just one tablet daily.
Serotonin Uptake
St. John's Wort with ActiFolate and B12 is formulated to support a calm, positive mood with nutrients that may play a role in serotonin metabolism. This formula supplies clinically effective levels of standardized St. John's Wort leaf and flower extract combined with a bioactive folate blend and vitamin B12 in two tablets daily.
Suggested Nutritional Supplementation
- SymphoraTM - Two tablets daily
Symphora is formulated to promote a positive mood and mental well-being by beneficially modulating
cerebral metabolism of the neurohormone cortisol.
- Somnolin® - 2-4 Tablets daily
Somnolin features a complementary blend of nutrients, including 5-HTP, theanine, and targeted B
vitamins, to promote a restful, relaxed state and relieve occasional sleeplessness.
- St. John's Wort - 1-2 Tablets daily
St. John's Wort contains 450 mg of a premium extract of St. John's wort standardized to 0.3% hypericins, combined with folates and vitamin B12.
- Appropriate Wellness EssentialsTM formula - 1-2 packets daily
Key Vitamins & Minerals, Essential Fatty Acids, PLUS Patient Specific Nutrition.
Recommended uses:
- Positive mood support
- Feeling of well-being support
WARNING: DO NOT USE IF PREGNANT OR NURSING. For adult use only. Avoid use if patient has, or has
a history of hormone related cancer, diabetes, or bipolar disorder. If patient has a medical condition or takes
medication use with caution. Do not exceed recommended dosage.
Refrences:
1. Kimonides VG, Khatibi NH, Svendsen CN, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulfate (DHEAS) protect hippocampal neurons against excitatory amino acidinduced neurotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:1852-57.
2. Wolkowitz OM, Reus VI, Keebler A, et al. Double-blind treatment of major depression with dehydroepiandrosterone. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156(4):646-49.
3. Strous RD, Maayan R, Lapidus R, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone augmentation in the management of negative, depressive, and anxiety symptoms in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60(2):133-41.
4. Lansdowne AT, Provost SC. Vitamin D3 enhances mood in healthy subjects during winter. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 1998;135(4):319-23.
5. Taniura H, Ito M, Sanada N, et al. Chronic D3 treatment protects against neurotoxicity by glutamate in association with upregulation of vitamin D receptor mRNA expression in cultured rat cortical neurons. J Neurosci Res 2006;83:1179-89.
6. Bottiglieri T, Laundy M, Crellin R, et al. Homocysteine, folate, methylation, and monoamine metabolism in depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;69:228-32.
7. Wu D, Pardridge WM. Blood-brain barrier transport of reduced folic acid. Pharm Res 1999;16(3):415-19.
8. Spector R, Lorenzo AV. Folate transport in the central nervous system. Am J Physiol 1975;229(3):777-82.
9. Quadri P, Fragiacomo C, Pezzati R, et al. Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B-12 in mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer disease, and vascular dementia. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80:114-22.
10. Coppen A, Bolander-Gouaille C. Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12. J Psychopharmacology 2005;19(1):59-65.
